Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
Volume 109, Issue 10 , Pages 740-773, October 2010

2010 Guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology for the Management of Hypertension

  • Chern-En Chiang

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology and General Clinical Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Tzung-Dau Wang

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Yi-Heng Li

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Tsung-Hsien Lin

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Kuo-Liong Chien

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Hung-I Yeh

      Affiliations

    • Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Kou-Gi Shyu

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Wei-Chuen Tsai

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Ting-Hsing Chao

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital Dou-Liou Branch, Yun-Lin, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Juey-Jen Hwang

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Fu-Tien Chiang

      Affiliations

    • Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
    • ,
  • Jyh-Hong Chen

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorrespondence to: Dr Jyh-Hong Chen, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College and Hospital, 138 Sheng Li Road, Tainan, 704 Taiwan

Received 7 April 2010; received in revised form 29 May 2010; accepted 31 May 2010.

Article Outline

Hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for atherosclerosis-related mortality and morbidity. In this document, the Hypertension Committee of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology provides new guidelines for hypertension management. The key messages are as follows. (1) The life-time risk for hypertension is 90%. (2) Both the increase in the prevalence rate and the relative risk of hypertension for causing cardiovascular events are higher in Asians than in Caucasians. (3) The control rate has been improved significantly in Taiwan from 2.4% to 21% in men, and from 5% to 29% in women in recent years (1995-2002). (4) Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) = 130/80 mmHg are thresholds of treatment for high-risk patients, such as those with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, stroke, established coronary heart disease, and coronary heart disease equivalents (carotid artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and abdominal aortic aneurysm). (5) Ambulatory and home BP monitoring correlate more closely with end-organ damage and have a stronger relationship with cardiovascular events than office BP monitoring, but the feasibility of home monitoring makes it a more attractive alternative. (6) Patients with masked hypertension have higher cardiovascular risk than those with white-coat hypertension. (7) Lifestyle changes should be encouraged in all patients, and include the following six items: S-ABCDE (Salt restriction; Alcohol limitation; Body weight reduction; Cessation of smoking; Diet adaptation; Exercise adoption). (8) When pharmacological therapy is needed, physicians should consider “PROCEED” (Previous experience of patient; Risk factors; Organ damage; Contraindication or unfavorable conditions; Expert or doctor judgment; Expense or cost; Delivery and compliance) to decide the optimal treatment. (9) The main benefits of antihypertensive agents are derived from lowering of BP per se, and are generally independent of the drugs being used, except that certain associated cardiovascular conditions might favor certain classes of drugs. (10) There are five major classes of drugs: thiazide diuretics; β-blockers; calcium channel blockers; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs); and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Any one of these can be used as the initial treatment, except for β-blockers, which are only indicated in patients with heart failure, a history of coronary heart disease, and hyperadrenergic state. (11) A standard dose of any one of the five major classes of antihypertensive drugs can produce an ∼10-mmHg decrease in systolic BP (rule of 10) and a 5-mmHg decrease in diastolic BP (rule of 5), after placebo subtraction. (11) Combination therapy is frequently needed for optimal control of BP, and the amount of the decrease in BP by a two-drug combination is approximately the same as the sum of the decrease by each individual drug (∼20 mmHg in systolic BP and 10 mmHg in diastolic BP) if their mechanisms of action are independent, with the exception of the combination of ACEIs and ARBs. (13) An ACEI or ARB plus a calcium channel blocker or a diuretic (A + C or A + D) are reasonable two-drug combinations, and A+C + D is a reasonable three-drug combination, unless patients have special indications for β-blockers. (14) Single-pill (fixed-dose) combinations that contain more than one drug in a single tablet are highly recommended because they reduce pill burden and cost, and improve compliance. (15) Very elderly patients (> 80 years) should be treated without delay, but BP should be reduced gradually and more cautiously. Finally, these guidelines are not mandatory; the responsible physician's decision remains most important in hypertension management.

Key Words:  blood pressure , disease management , drug therapy , hypertension

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PII: S0929-6646(10)60120-9

doi:10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60120-9

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association
Volume 109, Issue 10 , Pages 740-773, October 2010

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